The Ngöbe-Buglé Indians

Panama has historically been home to numerous indigenous tribes, though today only eight main groups that are native to the area remain, working to uphold their primitive cultures and lifestyles. The Ngöbe-Buglé Indians make up the largest indigenous tribe of Panama, consisting of over one hundred thousand people. The Ngöbe and the Buglé are individual tribes, having similar customs and inhabiting the same area but speaking their own languages. Formerly Guaymi, the Ngöbe-Buglé people reside in the “Comarca,” an independent region that is home to several native tribes and consists of parts of Chiriqui Province, the Bocas del Toro Province and the Veraguas Province.

Both the Ngöbe and Buglé people managed to retain their native land and maintain their cultural lifestyles into the early 1900s. But soon confrontations with the Spanish and increasing colonization forced them to retreat deeper and deeper into the mountains in order to uphold their culture rich, autonomous lifestyles and customs. The homes of the Ngöbe-Buglé people today are modest huts with dirt floors that are typically located in areas with nearby rivers or in valleys. The Ngöbe-Buglé natives subsist by hunting, fishing, and raising cattle, pigs and chickens as well as growing bananas, oranges, mangos, rice, and beans. The economy of the community relies in part on coffee bean farming and selling native crafts such as the chaquira to tourists. The community also has a select few establishments which provide work opportunities to some natives, such as a hospital, schools, stores or governmental entities.

The women dress in long, vibrantly colored hand made dresses adorned with intricate patterns. Such unique dresses can take a woman several weeks to sew by hand. For ceremonies, men wear geometrically patterned face paint and dress in the feathers of exotic birds. The chaquira, which is an ornate, colorful beaded necklace, is rooted deep in the tribe’s cultural history and is still associated with the tribe’s identity. Today, the Ngöbe-Buglé people make and sell the chaquira to tourists to help maintain their land and uphold their culture.

The indigenous tribes of Panama have faced a constant struggle against the financial driven motives of ranchers, miners, and loggers seeking to capitalize on the natural resources of the tribes’ native land. Years of protests finally led to the government’s recognition of the Comarca, established as an autonomous region as of March of 1997. Despite this valiant victory, the homes and cultural lifestyles of all of the indigenous tribes remain threatened by deforestation, mining and colonization.

About the Author: Laurie Cooper, of Cpanama Real Estate Corp., is an expert on Panama real estate. For more information, please visit http://www.cpanama.com

The Panama Canal - Atlantic to Pacific Oceans

The Panama Canal, completed in 1914 by the United States and handed over to Panama in December of 1999, facilitates unprecedented marine travel between the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean across the Isthmus of Panama. Prior to the opening of the canal, travel from the Atlantic to the Pacific required going around the southern tip of South America, a feat in itself adding days and thousands of miles to the voyage. Today, ships can cross the channel in less than a day with approximately forty miles of travel.

A journey through the canal from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean entails travel from the northwest in a southeastern direction across the isthmus. The canal utilizes three sets of locks on each end, which raise and lower ships to the appropriate levels for passage. Ships seeking to reach the Pacific side from the Atlantic drop anchor and await their passage in Limón Bay. A specially trained pilot working for the canal then navigates the vessel about seven miles to the first set of locks, located at Gatún Lake. There, other workers attach mooring cables made of steel to the ship, which are connected to powerful locomotives and help steer the ship and hold it steady as the locks fill with over fifty million gallons of water. As the water rises to 85 feet above sea level, the ship becomes level with the waters of Gatún Lake. Here, mooring lines are detached and the ship continues for another 23 miles.

The next set of locks, called Pedro Miguel locks, will lower the ship to sea level in stages. At this stage, mooring cables are once again attached to the ship to guide and hold it stable as the water level is lowered about 31 feet to the level of Miraflores Lake. The ship then proceeds to cross Miraflores Lake, a journey of just over a mile before entering the last set of locks that will lower it to the sea level at the Pacific Ocean. The canal employed pilot departs at Balboa Harbor, at which point the ship continues to the Bay of Panama, a part of the Pacific Ocean where ships await their turn to cross the canal in the other direction to the Atlantic Ocean.
In all, the journey through the Panama Canal takes approximately eight to ten hours, not counting the time spent waiting for passage.

About the Author: Laurie Cooper, of Cpanama Real Estate Corp., is an expert on Panama real estate. For more information, please visit http://www.cpanama.com

Construction of the Panama Railroad

Hundreds of years before completion of the Panama Canal made water travel between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans possible across the Isthmus of Panama, people dreamed of a means of traversing the isthmus to avoid the thousands of miles of otherwise unavoidable travel around South America. Both England and France, enticed by the prospect of constructing a canal or railroad crossing the isthmus, had to abandon ambitious plans due to the magnitude of obstacles associated with such an undertaking. When the United States gained possession of Oregon and California, the need for a route from the East coast to the West coast became increasingly apparent. Perpetuating the necessity of such a travel route were the demands of the United States Post Office and the swarm of so called “Forty-niners” traveling from all over in search of their share of the gold recently discovered in California.

Reassured by the claim by a group of engineers that the construction of a railroad across the isthmus was feasible, a group of visionaries led by William H. Aspinwall incorporated the Panama Railroad Company. The company formally entered a contract in 1850 with what was then called the Government of New Granada for the privilege of constructing a railroad across the Isthmus of Panama.

Facing dense jungle terrain, swarms of insects, muddy swamps and rivers along with the probably contraction of merciless disease, workers began construction in May 1850 with the optimistic expectation of a six month completion time. As illness and death tolls skyrocketed, laborers were shipped in from all over the world, many destined to meet their demise in the unforgiving jungle.

Less than two years into the project, finances were drained as a mere seven miles of track were complete. Work stopped and the project seemed to be a failure. But the well-timed arrival of two ships that were forced ashore by a hurricane while carrying thousands of gold seeking Forty-niners changed everything. Lured by the prospect of riches at the end of their journey, the Forty-niners did not care that the railroad only stretched seven miles across the fifty mile wide isthmus; they would take seven miles if they could get it. The high fares charged by the trainmen brought in enough money for work to resume. Despite the seemingly insurmountable challenges, the railroad was completed in five years, with the first train traveling from ocean to ocean on January 28, 1855.

The successful construction of the Panama Railroad gave Panama the long term upper hand as the site for construction of the much anticipated canal, with the eventual construction of the Panama Canal situated parallel to the railroad. The present day railroad is the result of a complete relocation and reconstruction of the railroad, which was completed in 1912.

About the Author: Laurie Cooper, of Cpanama Real Estate Corp., is an expert on Panama real estate. For more information, please visit http://www.cpanama.com

The Isthmus of Panama

Today Panama’s modern city lifestyle, vivacious rain forests as well as booming Panama real estate market and thriving economy make it difficult to imagine that the entire area was once a serene ocean bottom. About twenty million years ago, the continents of North America and South America were separated by ocean at a time when the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans naturally converged. Formation of the Isthmus of Panama, the narrow strip of land now connecting the continents of North and South America, changed the face of the Americas and significantly impacted both the flow and ecosystems of the oceans and forever changed wildlife on the continents which it joined.

While geologists are not in full agreement about what specific events led to the creation of the Isthmus of Panama, a widespread theory involves a convergence of the Pacific Plate and the Caribbean Plate beneath the surface of the earth wherein the Pacific Plate gradually shifted underneath the Caribbean Plate. Excessive heat and pressure from this collision are believed to have resulted in the formation of many volcanoes over a time period of millions of years, with some reaching such great elevations that they protruded above sea level and became islands. Over time, the converging tectonic plates are also believed to have forced other parts of the ocean floor above sea level. Sediment carried by ocean currents then deposited itself around the new islands that dotted the area between North America and South America for millions of years, eventually forming a solid land mass and separating the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. The Isthmus of Panama had been formed by approximately three to four million years ago.

The “land bridge” that eventually came to be known as the Isthmus of Panama initiated major biological changes with effects far beyond this relatively small stretch of land. The waters of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans which had once intermingled developed dissimilar marine ecosystems and water temperature characteristics. Current patterns also changed dramatically, with Atlantic currents shifting to the northeast and creating the Gulf Stream. Some species died along with the major changes to their habitats, while new species emerged. Marine life such as mussels and clams seems to have flourished most abundantly in the cold and nutrient rich waters of the Pacific, whilst organisms such as algae and coral thrived in the warmer Caribbean waters. Plants and animals began to traverse the isthmus both from North America to South America and vice versa. Ancestors of common North American animals such as armadillos and opossums crossed the isthmus from South America, and the ancestors of cats, canines, horses, and raccoons journeyed from North to South America via the land bridge.

Today, the Panama Canal once again links the waters of the Atlantic and the Pacific Oceans, albeit a considerably engineered and restricted water passage as compared to the naturally connected oceans of millions of years ago.

About the Author: Laurie Cooper, of Cpanama Real Estate Corp., is an expert on Panama real estate. For more information, please visit http://www.cpanama.com

Panama Canal Timeline

The Panama Canal is world famous for the unprecedented water travel it enables between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans as well as the magnitude of engineering innovation that facilitated its construction. The history of the Panama Canal dates back hundreds of years before construction ever began, with several failed attempts causing setbacks. Before the first ship sailed from the Atlantic to the Pacific via the canal in 1914, the voyage to the other side required circumventing South America, a feat in itself adding thousands of miles and many days to ship voyages.
Some of the major developments leading to the present day Panama Canal, a vital catalyst for world trade, are outlined as follows:

-1534: Charles I of Spain leads the first survey of the area to evaluate the potential construction of a canal connecting the two oceans, with surveyors reporting that the project is unfeasible. Spain eventually discards interest in constructing the canal.

-1869: United States President Ulysses S. Grant commands surveys in Mexico and Panama, which at the time was a Colombian province.

-1880: After numerous failed attempts by others, the French Canal Company begins construction on the canal in hopes of creating a waterway between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. Challenges such as a difficult terrain, laborers contraction of deadly tropical diseases, a faulty design and a shortage of labor quickly arise. Within a couple of years, workers are dying almost every day.

-1889: French work on the canal halts as the French Canal Company disbands.

-1903: The United States, led by President Theodore Roosevelt, supports Panama in its revolt to gain independence from Colombia. Only fifteen days after Panama wins its independence, a treaty is signed between Panama and the United States outlining specifics of the canal plan and giving the United States control over the ten mile wide canal zone.

-1904: Construction begins on the Panama Canal, employing thousands of laborers and costing around $350 million.

-1914: The first ship travels through the waterway after ten years of construction.

-1977: U.S. President Jimmy Carter signs treaty agreeing to hand over control of the canal to the Panamanians, with both sides vowing that the canal will remain neutral, safe and available to all ships.

-1999: The United States formally relinquishes complete control of the canal and its operations to Panama on December 31st.

Today, the Panama Canal is a crucial element of worldwide commerce. An expansion of the canal approved by Panamanians in 2006 is expected to begin in 2008 and cost in the neighborhood of $5.2 billion.

About the Author: Laurie Cooper, of Cpanama Real Estate Corp., is an expert on Panama real estate. For more information, please visit http://www.cpanama.com

Panama Destinations

Panama’s blend of rich heritage, urban convenience and unspoiled nature make it a sought after destination for travelers looking for a luxurious getaway and rugged adventure seekers alike. A far from comprehensive list, here we examine just a few of the intriguing destinations you can experience first hand during your stay in Panama.

-The Panama Canal: Of course! No trip to Panama is complete without experiencing the legendary engineering marvel that is the Panama Canal. Connecting the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean, the Panama Canal is widely considered to be one of the finest engineering achievements yet. An astounding accomplishment even by today’s standards, construction of the Panama Canal commanded the labor of thousands of men and took ten years to complete. The United States, which funded construction of the canal, maintained control of the canal and the surrounding area until it formally relinquished its power to Panama in 1999.

-Abundant Beaches: The only wonder here is which beach to visit first! Panama’s location and culture gives visitors diverse beach possibilities. Whether you are looking for a serene escape in a luxury resort, a cultural experience in a primitive Indian reservation or to reflect and reunite with nature on an exotic island, Panama has a beach that fits every style.

-Panama Canal Rainforest: If you are truly seeking a connection with nature, the 50,000 acre Panama Canal rainforests are only a half hour excursion from Panama City. Boasting hundreds of species of birds, plants, mammals and amphibians, many species that call the rainforests home are native to the area and not found anywhere else.

-Outdoor Adventures: Panama has no shortage of outdoor endeavors to satisfy even the most ambitious outdoor enthusiasts, such as kayaking, white water rafting, snorkeling, fishing, scuba diving, bird watching, the possibilities go on.

-First Hand Ethnic Experiences: Panama is home to six vibrant Indian tribes, which have preserved their primitive cultural lifestyles throughout hundreds of years. Many reside in locations which are accessible, and are open to sharing their culture with guests.

-Living History: Historic ruins still prevalent throughout Panama serve as a vivid reminder of Panama’s not so distant past. Panama La Vieja, once perhaps the most affluent city in the Americas, will give you a glimpse of the first city ever established by Europeans on the American Pacific Coast.

The union of exceptional natural beauty, ever evident cultural history, endless activities and a stable economy reaffirm why Panama real estate, travel and tourism continue to flourish today.

About the Author: Laurie Cooper, of Cpanama Real Estate Corp., is an expert on Panama real estate. For more information, please visit http://www.cpanama.com

What Makes Panama Real Estate Attractive?

Aside from the gorgeous beaches, great year round weather and unique ecosystem, what makes Panama an attractive destination for retirement or to purchase a vacation home? Here you will find just a few of the features that contribute to the prosperity of Panama real estate have led many travel publications to select Panama as the premiere retirement and second home destination in the world.

▪Bustling Economy: Panama’s economy has historically maintained stability, and is currently experiencing a healthy rate of growth. In fact, Panama has one of Latin America’s fastest growing economies. Panama’s prosperity stems in part from the renowned Panama Canal, the prevalent banking industry, construction, fruit exports and tourism. Moreover, Panama’s 2006 approval of an expansion plan for the Panama Canal is expected to bring tens of thousands of new jobs to Panama. It is no coincidence that foreigners are becoming more interested in the plethora of investment opportunities Panama presents.

▪Incentives for Foreign Investors: Government incentives such as new construction property tax breaks have been enacted to prompt foreign investors to invest and live in Panama. The Panamanian government also guarantees foreign investors rights equal to those of local investors and does not require any special permits or registration. Additional incentives are offered in important sectors such as construction, reforestation, mining, insurance and tourism.

▪Modern Amenities: Panama’s modern infrastructure grants the convenient lifestyle to which many people from North America are accustomed. Visitors and residents alike value the diverse choices Panama has to offer, having the opportunity to escape to a pristine beach but not having to sacrifice modern conveniences such as a contemporary road system, high speed internet access and cable television.

▪Leisure Activities: Panama’s first class golf courses are only the beginning. Excellent fishing, sailing, rafting and diving opportunities abound to help Panama residents and visitors to get the most out of the year round tropical weather.

▪Attractive Cost of Living: While Panama grants a high standard of living with its modern shopping malls, casinos, international restaurants and purified tap water, the cost of living is lower than what one would find in a comparable area of North America or Europe. For instance, a taxi ride to anywhere within the city limits would be around two dollars, and going to see a movie in a theater would cost about four dollars.

With affordable real estate, friendly natives and security surpassing that of all of South and Central America, it only takes one visit to experience what makes Panama a premiere destination for travel and real estate investing.

About the Author: Laurie Cooper, of Cpanama Real Estate Corp., is an expert on Panama real estate. For more information, please visit http://www.cpanama.com

Panama Travel – Tips for Arriving Prepared

Seasoned travelers praise Panama, the vibrant country in Central America wavering on the line connecting its ingrained cultural past to its modernized standard of living, for being a unique and desirable yet not overcrowded travel destination. Panama’s rich history is evident throughout the landscape, from Spanish forts along the coastline of each ocean to the colonial homes and brick roads of Casco Viejo. Visitors marvel at ancient reminders of Panama’s past while enjoying the convenience of a modern communication infrastructure, clean drinking water, good roads and convenient transportation options. Following are just a few tips to help you prepare for your arrival in Panama:

- Plan Ahead. The best time of year to visit Panama depends on what you want to do during your visit. If you plan to take advantage of the multitude of outdoor activities such as hiking, snorkeling, sailing or sight seeing tours, take into consideration that the dry season is from mid-December to mid-April (but bear in mind that you will pay a premium for airfare and accommodations during this season). If partying is your thing and you are looking for more bustle, you may want to visit during The Carnival of the City of Las Tablas, an elaborate festival starting on the Friday before Ash Wednesday and lasting through Ash Wednesday each year.

- Bring the required documents. United States and Canadian citizens are required to show a valid passport and tourist card to visit Panama. A tourist card will likely be added for a $5 fee when you purchase airfare, and will allow you to spend up to 90 days in Panama. If you do not have a current passport, be sure to obtain one as early as possible to pay the lowest rate and to allow time (usually a few weeks) for processing.

- Get the recommended vaccinations. At least several weeks before your departure, visit a health professional to obtain all of the recommended vaccines for visiting Panama. You may need to be vaccinated against yellow fever, hepatitis A, and typhoid among others.

- Enjoy nature but protect yourself from it. Due to Panama’s proximity to the equator, sunburn caused by exposure to the sun’s intense ultraviolet rays can put a damper on your vacation and harm your health. Always apply a UVA/UVB protection sunscreen before and during outdoor activities. Additionally, wear proper clothing and repellant to protect yourself from ticks, mosquitoes and other insects that accompany the thrill of outdoor adventures.

- Use transportation wisely. Taxis are plentiful in Panama and provide a convenient means of transportation to visitors. Fares are low, hovering around the $4 range to get anywhere within Panama City. Be aware that a taxi waiting outside your hotel will cost significantly more than one hailed from the street. Taxis are not metered, so be sure to negotiate your fare with the driver from the start.

The reassurance of being properly prepared for your trip to Panama will allow you to spend less time worrying and more time enjoying your stay in this cultural, tropical paradise.

About the Author: Laurie Cooper, of Cpanama Real Estate Corp., is an expert on Panama real estate. For more information, please visit http://www.cpanama.com